Calotropis—often called milkweed, crown flower, aak, or sodom apple—is a fascinating plant admired for its striking flowers and use in traditional medicine. But behind its beauty lies a potent cocktail of toxic compounds that warrant respect and caution.
In this blog, we explore the toxicity of Calotropis, its effects on humans and animals, and safety measures everyone should know.
Why Calotropis Is Toxic
Both major species—Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera—contain several powerful chemicals. The main culprits are:
1. Cardiac Glycosides (Calotropin, Uscharin, Calotoxin)
These compounds are similar to digitalis and can affect heart rhythm, making them dangerous if ingested.
2. Latex (Milky Sap)
The white latex is highly irritant and contains:
- Proteolytic enzymes
- Resins
- Alkaloids
- Steroids
This sap is responsible for most skin and eye reactions.
3. Other Toxic Constituents
- Terpenoids
- Anthraquinones
- Flavonoids
These add to the plant’s irritant and poisonous properties.
Toxic Effects on Humans
1. Skin Irritation
Direct contact with the latex may cause:
- Redness
- Burning sensation
- Dermatitis
- Blistering (in severe cases)
2. Eye Injuries
Accidental eye exposure is particularly dangerous:
- Severe pain
- Conjunctivitis
- Temporary vision loss
- Corneal damage if untreated
3. Gastrointestinal Poisoning
If ingested, Calotropis can cause:
- Nausea, vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- Salivation
- Burns to the mouth and throat
4. Cardiovascular Effects
Due to cardiac glycosides:
- Irregular heartbeat
- Low blood pressure
- Dizziness
- In extreme cases, cardiac arrest
5. Respiratory and Neurological Symptoms
Fumes from burning the plant may irritate the lungs, causing:
- Coughing
- Breathlessness
High doses (usually accidental or medicinal misuse) may cause:
- Seizures
- Loss of consciousness
Toxicity in Animals
Livestock such as goats, sheep, and cattle are particularly vulnerable.
Symptoms include:
- Vomiting (in animals capable)
- Tremors
- Reduced heart rate
- Respiratory distress
- Sudden death (if large quantities are consumed)
Though animals typically avoid the plant due to its bitter taste, poisoning occurs when fodder is scarce.
The roots of calotropis procera are highly poisonous to cobras and other poisonous snakes and hence used by snake charmers to control snakes.
Why Do People Still Use Calotropis Medicinally?
Despite its toxicity, the plant holds an important place in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and folk medicine. Practitioners use it for conditions such as:
- Joint pain
- Skin diseases
- Digestive issues
- Respiratory ailments
However, these uses rely on carefully controlled, expert-prepared formulations.
Self-medication is extremely dangerous and should never be attempted.
Safety Precautions When Handling Calotropis
If you work with or grow Calotropis:
- Wear gloves to avoid latex contact.
- Avoid touching eyes, face, or mouth.
- Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
- Keep the plant away from children and pets.
- Do not burn the plant—smoke can be harmful.
If latex gets on skin:
Wash with soap and water immediately.
If it enters the eyes:
Rinse with clean water for 10–15 minutes and seek medical care.
If swallowed:
Seek urgent medical attention—do not induce vomiting.
Calotropis is a remarkable plant—beautiful, culturally significant, and medicinally valuable. But its potency is a double-edged sword. Handling it safely and understanding its toxic nature is essential to prevent harm to humans and animals.
Used wisely, it can heal.
Used carelessly, it can harm.
